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CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


^ 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibiiographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  muy  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


U\ 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couieur 


I      I    Covers  damaged/ 


Couverture  endommagde 

Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restauria  et/ou  pellicul6e 

Cover  title  missing/ 

Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 

Coloured  maps/ 

Cartes  gdographiques  en  couieur 

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Encre  de  couieur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 

Coloured  platus  and/or  illustrations/ 
Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couieur 

Bound  with  other  material/ 
Reli6  avec  d'autres  documents 


□ 


D 


D 


Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  reliure  serr^e  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  le  long  de  la  marge  int6rieure 

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mais,  lorsque  cela  6tait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pae  6t(6  fiimdes. 

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modification  dans  la  methods  normale  de  filmage 
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|~n   Coloured  pages/ 


Pages  de  couieur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagdes 

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r  I  Pages  damaged/ 

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I  I  Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 

I  I  Pages  detached/ 

I  I  Showthrough/ 

I  I  Quality  of  print  varies/ 

I  I  Includes  supplementary  material/ 

I  I  Only  edition  available/ 


D 


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slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
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etc.,  ont  6t6  filmdes  d  nouveau  de  faqon  d 
obtenir  la  meilleure  imi  ge  possible. 


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This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  film6  au  taux  de  reduction  indiquA  ci-dessous. 

10X  14X  18X  22X 


26X 


30X 


y 

^mm^m 

^^■" 

1 

12X 

16X 

20X 

24X 

28X 

32X 

The  copy  filmad  her*  has  bean  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

Library  Division 

Provincial  Archives  of  British  Columbia 

The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
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filming  contract  specifications. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  flmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  iliiistr  ted  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  — ♦-  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 

Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


L'exemplaire  film*  fut  reproduit  grAce  A  la 
gAnArosit*  de: 

Library  Division 

Provincial  Archives  of  British  Columbia 

Les  images  suivantes  ont  At*  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin.  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  at 
de  la  nettetA  de  l'exemplaire  film*,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 

Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprimAe  sont  filmAs  en  commen^ant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
derniAre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  selon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  filmAs  en  commen^ant  par  la 
premiAre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  derniAre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  des  synroboJes  suivants  apparattra  sur  la 
derniAre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbole  — »►  signifie  "A  SUIVRE  ",  le 
symbols  V  signifie  "FIN". 

Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  Atre 
filmAs  A  des  taux  de  rAduction  diffArents 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  Atre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clichA.  il  est  filmA  A  partir 
de  I'angia  supArieur  gauche,  de  geuche  A  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  nAcessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mAthode. 


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JOSEPH   GILLOtrS    STEEL   PENS 

SOLD   BT  AZJ.   DBALBB8. 


THE  MAGAZINE  OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY. 


Vol.  XIII. 


CONTENTS   FOR    MARCH^  1885. 


No. 


Mr 

Portndt  of  Chiu-lM  I.    (See  page  aa6.)  «       «       .  FrmtiHit 

Th«  Pairfftzet  of  Yorkshire  and  Vi^nia.  Rct.  Richard  Whkatuut,  D.i>.     tj 

iLLOsnuTiONS :  Portrait  of  Lord  Fkirfluc— Steaton  Halt,  tha  Old  Home  of  the  Fairfiurai— Portrait 
of  Lady  Fairfiui,  from  a  Rare  Print— Curiou*  Monogram  of  L^rd  Fairfax— General  Lord  ("  Black  Tom  '^ 
Fairfu,  ob  Honebadc— Nun-Appleton,  the  Scat  of  Lord  Fairfax— Chair  of  Lord  Fairfax— Tomb  el 
Lord  Fairfax— Armi  of  Lord  Fairfax-<-Greeaway  Court,  in  Virginia— Portrait  o<  Colonel  T.  T.  Fairtax. 

Brigadier-General  Nathaniel  Lyon,  U.S.A.     Personal  Recollections.  .      . 

WnxiAM  A.  Hammond,  M.D.      33; 
iLLinntATioN :  Portrait  of  Bngadier-Ocneral  Kathaniel  Lyon,  U.S.A. 

The  Adveiitnre  ofJMoniieur  de  Belle  Isle.     .  Charlss  DiMiriiY.     349 

An  Old  .Masonic  Charter.     .  •  .    OscAe  J.  HARVST.^av 

Aboat  Richard  Beliingham, E.  H.  Goss.^a6. 

The  Stdry  of  Astoria. .    P.  Koch.     a6. 

Original  Documents. — Unpublished  Letters  from  Admiral  George  Clinton — Heni^  Laurens 

-^Fisher  Ames — Maj6r-General   Rottenbuig— ^Judge  Peters.     Also  reproduction  of   a  . 

Revolutionary  Sermon,  and  an  Original  Hand-bill  of  "  Fresh  News." 


Minor  Topics.— Sketch  of  Rev.  William  Barry,  by  Daniel  Goodwin,  Jr. — Where  a  King 
Once  Lived,  by  C.  M.  St.  Denys— Deaf  Smith,  by  Captam  Reuben  M.  Potter,  U.S.A. — 
The  Late  General  and  Astronomer  O.  M.  Mitchell — ^War  Reminiscences. 

Political  Americanisms.     IV.       .       ....    Charles  Ledyard  Norton. 

Notes.— The  New  Garden  of  Eden— Why  New  Jersey  was  De^dared  a  Foreign  Country- 
Washington  an  Abolitionist-^Pictorial  Error— Origin  of  the  Name  Herkimer — ^Princeton 


College 


Qneries.-^Parents  of  Dr.  John  Ogilvie — A  Doctor's  Charges  in  1679— The  Four  Lakes  of 
Wisconsin.     ...        .        .  . .        , 

Replies. — Gricourt— Give  'em  Jessie — Landing  of  the  Pilgrims — ^Bungtown  C<q>pers — The 
First  Three-masted  Schooner.         .        .        .        .        .        .        •     .  • 

Societies.— The  New  Jersey  Historical  Society— New  Haven  Colony  Historical  Society— 
Nebraslca  Hbtorical  Society — New  England  Historic,  Genealogical  Society — The  Bangor 
Hbtorical  Society — The  Webster  Historical  Society — Newport  Historical  Society- 
Rhode  Island  Historical  Society. .        , 

Book  Notices. — Hi^ory  of  the  Andover^  Theological  Seminary,  by  Woods — HistoiY  of 
Detroit  and  Midiigan,  by  Farmer — Life  of  Abraham  Lincoln,  by  Isaac  N.  Arnold— 
The  Money-makers,  by  McCook— Tenants  of  the  Old  Farm— The  Soldier  in  the  Civil 
War,  edited  by  MotteUy,  Vol.  I.— United  Sutes.  Publications,  Monthly  Catalogne, 
by  Hickcox-^Dictionary  of  National  Biography,  edited  by  Stephen — Education  in  Its 
Relation  to  Manual  Industry,  by  MacArthur — Who  Spoils  Our  New  English  Books. 

Annoonciment. — Portraits  of  the  Framers  of  the  Constitution. 

AdveriisemeMtt — S»oks,  Schools,  tU>,  z  to  MO—JPtriodicals and Misctliavtous^  a  toad. 


38' 

39 

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THE   STORY   OF   ASTORIA 

WITH   A   SKETCH   OF  THE   PACIFIC  FUR  COMPANY 

Mr.  H.  H.  Bancroft,  in  his  gigantic  undertaking,  is  giving  us  an  im- 
mense amount  of  material  for  history,  gathered  with  wonderful  industry 
and  regardless  of  expense,  and  when  completed  his  work  will  be  a  librarj' 
in  itself,  containing  abridgments  of  everything  ever  written  about  the 
Pacific  coast.  But  its  value  will  be  very  much  impaired  if  it  should  be 
found  that  he  has  been  so  strongly  influenced  by  personal  bias,  that  not 
only  his  judgment  but  his  statements  of  facts  have  been  warped  by  it. 
Such  seems  to  the  writer  to  be  the  case  with  the  story  of  Astoria,  as  told 
by  him  in  Vol.  II.  of  "The  Northwest  Coast,"  Vol.  XXIII.  of  the  series. 
The  chapters  devoted  to  this  disastrous  enterprise  appear  to  be  a  piece  of 
special  pleading,  devoted  principally  to  venting  the  author's  spleen  against 
Mr.  Irving  and  Mr.  Astor,  and  the  whitewashing  of  Mr.  McDougal.  It 
docs  not  seem  just  to  the  memory  of  Washington  Irving  and  John  Jacob 
Astor  to  let  such  an  account  go  unchallenged.  As  it  is  partly  a  question 
of  judgment  and  partly  a  question  of  fact,  I  will  briefly  tell  the  history  of 
the  Pacific  Fur  Companw 

This  company  was  organized  in  1810.  Astor  furnished  all  the  money, 
but  associated  with  him  a  number  of  partners  who  were  to  share  the  profits, 
but  not  the  losses.  As  few  citizens  of  the  United  States  had  experience 
in  the  fur  trade,  he  induced  several  members  of  the  Northwest  Company 
of  Canada  to  join  him,  after  first  in  vain  off'ering  an  interest  to  that  com- 
pany. These  associates  were  Duncan  McDougal,  Alexander  McKaj', 
Donald  McKenzie,  and  David  and  Robert  Stuart.  Wilson  Price  Hunt 
was  the  only  partner  selected  from  the  United  States,  and  he  was  to  be  in 
command  on  the  Pacific  Coast.  The  partners  had  full  power  to  dissolve 
the  company  at  any  time  during  the  first  five  years,  if  they  thought  best  to 
do  so. 

In  September,  18 10,  one  party  sailed  for  the  mouth  of  the  Columbia  in 
the  Tonquin,  McDougal  being  the  leader,  while  Hunt  went  overland  the 
following  spring.  April  12th,  1811,  work  was  begun  at  Astoria,  and  dur- 
ing that  year  the  foundation  was  laid  for  an  extensive  business  by  the 
establishment  of  posts  on  the  Columbia  and  its  tributaries  to  the  foot  of 
the  mountains.  In  February,  1812,  Hunt  reached  Astoria  after  an  advent- 
urous and  difficult   journey.     In  May  the  Beaver  arrived,  thcsecond  sup- 


l(ii.^04 


T  ijv-rjw  I  p^T  1*^ 


70 


THE   STORY  OF  ASTORIA 


ply  ship  sent  out  by  Astor.  The  Tonquin  had  been  captured  by  the  In- 
dians of  Nootka  Sound,  and  in  Aujjust  Hunt  left  in  the  Beaver  to 
complete  the  necessary  arrangements  with  the  Russian  governor  at  Sitka 
for  what  promised  to  be  an  exceedingly  profitable  trade.  He  did  not 
return  for  more  than  twelve  months,  leaving  McDougal  in  charge. 

Meanwhile  the  Northwest  Company  had  not  been  idle.  In  the  summer 
of  1 8 10  they  had  sent  forward  a  party  under  command  of  one  of  the 
partners,  David  Thompson,  to  descend  the  Columbia  and  occupy  the 
country  in  advance  of  the  Pacific  Fur  Company.  The  country,  however, 
was  unexplored,  and  the  river  system  imperfectly  known,  so  that  Thomp- 
son descended  a  tributary  of  the  Fraser,  believing  it  to  be  a  branch  of  the 
Columbia,  and  when  he  discovered  his  mistake  he  had  only  time  to  gain 
Canoe  River  near  the  sources  of  the  northern  fork  of  the  Columbia,  when 
he  was  compelled  to  go  into  winter  quarters,  and  most  of  his  men  deserted. 
Descending  the  river  next  spring,  he  arrived  on  the  lower  Columbia  in 
July,  i8u,  only  to  find  the  Americans  in  possession.  He  was  destitute  of 
everything,  but  was  liberally  treated  by  McDougal,  who  supplied  all  his 
wants.  Nothing  daunted,  the  Northwest  Company  pushed  forward  along 
the  Columbia  and  established  posts  competing  with  the  upper  ones  of  the 
Pacific  Fur  Company. 

In  December,  1812,  McTavish,  a  leading  partner  of  the  Northwest  Com- 
pany, came  to  McKenzie's  post  at  Fort  Nez  Percys,  and  informed  him  of 
the  breaking  out  of  war  with  England.  McKenzic  started  at  once  for 
Astoria  with  the  news,  arriving  there  January  15,  1813,  when  McDougal 
at  once  made  up  his  mind  to  abandon  the  enterprise  and  retreat  across  the 
Rocky  Mountains  during  the  summer.  The  other  partners,  however,  upon 
their  arrival  objected  to  this,  and  it  was  agreed  to  continue  business  till 
June,  1814,  when  the  company  was  to  be  dissolved,  if  no  help  and  supplies 
were  received  from  Mr.  Astor  meanwhile.  In  March  of  the  same  year 
Astor  had  dispatched  a  vessel  from  New  York;  but  this  was  wrecked  on 
the  Sandwich  Islands,  and  the  blockade  of  the  Atlantic  coast  by  the  British 
made  it  impossible  to  send  another  ship. 

McKenzie  was  closely  followed  by  McTavish,  who  reached  Astoria  in 
April  and  remained  until  July.  He  also  was  royally  treated  by  rvicDougal, 
and  even  furnished  with  goods  to  trade  on  his  way  back,  and  pains  were 
taken  to  put  his  party  on  a  friendly  footing  with  the  Indians,  who  were 
looking  askance  at  them  as  "  King  George  men,"  the  well-known  enemies 
of  the  "  Boston  men."  An  arrangement  was  made  with  McTavish  by 
which  the  property  of  the  Pacific  Fur  Company  was  to  be  transferred  to 
the  Northwest  Company,  if  no  help  came  before  next  summer. 


PPiPif: 


III «  "}\"9[.    I 


THE  STORY   OF  ASTORIA 


271 


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Astoria  in 
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Tavish  by 
isferred  to 


On  August  20th  Hunt  arrived  in  the  Albatross.  He  disapproved  of  the 
resolution  taken  by  his  partners;  but  as  it  was  clearly  within  their  powers, 
he  could  only  acquiesce.  The  Albatross  being  under  charter  to  go  to  the 
Marquesas  Islands,  he  re-embarked  in  a  few  days  to  bring  back  another 
vessel  by  which  such  heavy  stores  might  be  removed  as  could  not  be  taken 
across  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and  it  was  agreed  that  if  by  some  mischance 
Mr.  Hunt  should  not  return  before  the  time  came  for  carrying  out  the 
agreement  with  McTavish,  then  McDougal  should  have  power  to  make  all 
the  necessary  arrangements. 

On  October  7th  McTavish  returned,  followed  four  days  later  by  Stuart 
and  McGillivray,  two  other  partners  of  the  Northwest  Company,  with 
seventy-five  followers.  Again  they  were  entirely  dependent  on  McDougal 
for  supplies,  and  again  they  were  liberally  supplied.  They  brought  news 
of  the  expected  arrival  of  a  Hritish  man-of-war,  and  entered  into  negotia- 
tions with  McDougal  which  resulted  in  an  agreement,  signed  October  i6th, 
by  which  the  furs,  merchandise,  forts,  and  all  other  property  of  the  Pacific 
Fur  Company  were  to  be  turned  over  to  the  Northwest  Company  as  soon 
as  an  inventory  could  be  taken.  This  was  done,  and  the  transfer  com- 
pleted October  23d.  The  consideration  was  about  fifty-eight  thousand 
dollars,  the  market  value  of  the  furs  alone  being  twice  this  sum.  Novem- 
ber 30,  the  Raccoon,  a  British  sloop  of  war,  arrived,  and  Captain  Black  took 
formal  possession  of  Astoria  for  his  government,  leaving  shortly  after, 
February  28,  1814,  Hunt  arrived  in  the  Pcdlcr,  but  too  late. 

These  are  the  leading  facts.  They  are  given  by  Irving,  and  they  are 
given  by  Bancroft,  with  one  notable  exception,  to  which  we  shall  recur 
later.  But  to  show  Mr.  Bancroft's  animus  I  will  quote  a  few  of  his  state- 
ments relative  to  Mr.  Astor  and  Mr.  Irving. 

"  Whether  success  or  failure  w^nits  on  this  enterprise,  already  John 
Jacob  Astor  is  a  great  man.  Bold,  keen,  grasping,  with  a  mind  no  less 
fertile  than  sagacious,  he  is  great,  not  as  Newton,  Washington,  Lincoln 
and  Peabody,  but  like  Napoleon  or  Vanderbilt — a  greatness  not  to  be  ad- 
mired, but  shunned."  Now  if  this  means  anything  more  than  bad  taste  on 
the  part  of  the  author,  it  means  a  very  grave  censure  of  Mr.  Astor's  mo- 
tives, and  yet  he  can  find  nothing  worse  to  say  about  him  than  that  "  there 
is  nothing  in  Astor's  history  that  would  imply  him  to  be  more  than  a  re- 
spectable and  wealthy  merchant  of  common  honesty  and  uncommon  ability, 
desirous  of  increasing  his  wealth  and  respectability  ty  every  legitimate 
means  at  his  command."  If  this  estimate  were  true,  I  fail  to  see  anything 
blameworthy  in  such  a  character,  and  yet  Mr.  Bancroft  never  lets  an  op- 
portunity slip  for  a  fling  at  the  great  merchant.     " '  The  thing  could  be 


t<  iiiPi  ^"'v^m.'ms'Mimfiiiriff^igffif^ 


% 


9J2 


THE   STORY   OF  ASTORIA 


1 

.-1 


done,  and  should  be ; '  so  said  the  autocrat."  This  of  the  man  who  had 
just  put  himself  absolutely  into  the  hands  of  his  partners  !  Again  :  "  Astor 
committed  his  venture  to  the  deep  and  sat  down  to  muse  upon  the  profits." 
This  of  the  man  who  had  bound  himself  to  advance  four  hundred  thousand 
(dollars  free  of  interest,  to  bear  all  losses  himself,  and  to  divide  any  profits 
wnich  migiit  accrue!  Of  course  Mr.  Astor  expected  his  venture  to  be  a 
profitable  one  ;  but  he  seems  to  have  been  of  the  same  class  of  merchants 
as  those  who  founded  the  British  empire  in  India.  The  grandeur  of  the 
undertaking  appears  to  have  moved  him  far  more  than  the  prospective 
profits,  and  there  is  every  reason  to  believe  that  he  was  fully  in  earnest 
when  he  wrote  that  he  should  have  preferred  to  have  had  his  property 
fairly  captured  rather  than  given  away,  as  he  considered  it  was.  That  Mr. 
Astor's  undertaking  was  looked  at  as  an  important  one  in  a  national  point 
of  view  may  be  seen  from  a  letter  of  Jefferson's,  and  no  one  was  better 
able  to  appreciate  its  significance  than  the  consummator  of  the  Louisiana 
purchase.  Jefferson  says:  "  I  considered  as  a  great  public  acquisition  the 
commencement  of  a  settlement  on  that  point  of  the  western  coast  of 
America,  and  looked  forward  with  gratification  to  the  time  v;hen  its  de- 
scendants should  have  spread  themselves  through  the  whole  length  of  that 
coast,"  etc. 

Washington  Irving  receives  even  worse  treatment  at  Mr.  Bancroft's 
hands.  He  accuses  him  again  and  again  of  inventing  facts  and  coloring 
his  narrative  unfavorably  to  McDougal ;  but,  worse  than  that,  he  speaks 
of  "the  current  of  unqualified  sycophancy,  trickery,  sentimentality,  and 
maudlin  praise  which  runs  through  (Irving's]  'Astoria.'"  He  states  that 
"There  are  whole  pages  in  '  Astoria  '  abstracted  almost  literally  from  Frau- 
ch&rc.  Pretending  to  draw  all  his  information  from  private  sources,  the 
author  makes  no  allusion  to  the  source  to  which  he  is  most  indebted,  not  even 
mentioning  Frauch^re's  name  once  in  his  whole  work."  I-'urther:  "  Up  to 
this  time  the  imputation  that  he  had  received  money  from  Mr.  Astor  for  writ- 
ing '  Astoria  '  I  believed  to  be  utterly  false,  and  unworthy  of  consideration. 
But  in  closely  comparing  with  original  evidence  his  statements  concerning 
the  New  York  fur  merchant  and  his  associates  of  the  Northwest  Company, 
I  find  them  so  at  variance  with  truth  and  fairness  that  I  am  otherwise  at  a 
los".  to  account  for  his  unusual  warp  of  judgment." 

It  seems  impossible,  judging  from  these  statements,  that  Mr.  Bancroft 
can  ever  have  read  Irving's  "  Astoria"  even  so  far  as  to  the  end  of  the  in- 
troduction, or  he  would  have  found  the  following :  "  I  have  therefore 
availed  myself  occasionally  of  collateral  lights  supplied  by  the  published 
journals  of  other  travelers  who  have  visited  the  scenes  described — such  as 


r 


■^■■■'■■■'^ilBiwr 


#■• 


THE  STORY   OF  ASTORIA 


273 


1  who  had 
ill :  "  Astor 
he  profits." 
d  thousand 
any  profits 
re  to  be  a 
merchants 
cur  of  the 
)rospcctivc 

in  earnest 
s  property 

That  Mr. 
onal  point 
was  better 

Louisiana 
lisition  the 
1  coast  of 
icn  its  de- 
jth  of  that 

Bancroft's 
d  coloring 
he  speaks 
tality,  and 
itates  that 
rom  Frau- 
lurccs,  the 
1,  not  even 
:  "  Up  to 
)r  for  writ- 
iidcration. 
oncerning 
Company, 
rwisc  at  a 

.  Bancroft 
of  the  in- 
thcrcfore 
published 
— such  as 


Messrs.  Lewis  and  Clarke,  Bradbury,  Breckcnridgc,  Long,  Frauclilrc,  and 
Ross  Cox — and  make  a  general  acknowledgment  of  aid  received  from  these 
([uarters."  So  much  for  the  cliargc  of  plagiarism,  which  comes  with  pecul- 
iar ill-grace  from  an  author  whose  history  is  mainly  a  scrap-book,  made  up 
from  clippings  of  his  authorities.  The  essential  facts  are  all  faithfully 
given  by  Irving;  but  no  one  can  read  "Astoria"  without  perceiving  that 
its  author  has  taken  the  dry  bones  of  journals,  logs,  diaries,  reports  and 
business  statements,  and  clothci'  them  with  his  exquisite  fancy  until  they 
have  become  a  living  reality,  giving  us  one  of  the  most  charming  narratives 
in  the  English  language,  and,  withal,  a  truthful  one. 

The  real  trouble  is  that  Mr.  Bancroft  seems  to  have  made  up  his  mind 
that  McDougal  must  not  be  blamed  for  thn  disastrous  outcome  of  the  en- 
terprise, and  as  the  facts  are  overwhelmingly  against  him,  abuse  of  Mr. 
Astor  and  Mr.  Irving  must  take  the  place  of  favorable  facts.  In  his 
defense  of  McDougal  he  is  led  into  contradictory  statement.;  again  and 
again.  On  page  147  this  gentleman  is  described  as  "  short  and  lithe,  and 
quick  of  action."  On  page  214  he  has  grown  into  "by  nature  a  cold- 
blooded man,  stolid  in  body  and  mind."  "  Astor  was  peculiarly  unfortu- 
nate in  his  fitting  of  character  to  poiition."  "  Hunt's  great  mistake  was  in 
leaving  the  coast  at  all,"  and  yet  McDougal  "stum.blcd  upon  the  best 
course,  the  only  course  proper  to  be  pursued  throughout  the  whole  of  this 
unpleasant  and  luckless  adventure."  But  if  McDougal's  course  was  the 
only  proper  one,  how  had  Astor  been  unfortunate  in  his  selection  of  him? 
And  where  did  Hunt's  mistake  come  in,  leaving  him  in  charge?  The  facts 
arc  continually  too  strong  for  Mr.  Bancroft,  and,  with  all  his  twisting  of 
them,  he  finds  himself  continually  caught. 

Mr.  Irving's  view  seems  to  mc  the  nearest  right,  but  none  of  the  histo- 
rians of  Astoria  have  sufficiently  distinguished  between  what  were  two 
separate  and  distinct  acts:  the  original  agreement  with  McTavish  in  July, 
and  the  final  sale  to  McTavish  and  McGillivray  in  October.  According  to 
the  compact  between  Mr.  Astor  and  his  partners,  it  was  clearly  within  the 
power  01  a  majority  of  the  latter  to  dissolve  the  company  at  any  time 
within  the  first  five  years  of  its  existence.  The  war  with  England  did 
undoubtedly  threaten  serious  danger  to  their  enterprise,  and  McDougal 
may  have  honestly  thought  it  best  to  exercise  the  powers  which  had  been 
delegated  to  them,  and  close  out  the  business  in  the  best  manner  possible. 
He  gains,  first,  McKenzie  to  his  views,  and  receives,  afterward,  the  reluc- 
tant assent  of  Clark  and  Stewart  by  putting  off  the  dissolution  another 
year,  and  then  only  if  no  help  should  arrive  sooner.  The  agreement  with 
McTavish  seems  also  to  have  been  provisional,  and,  as  its  purport  is  not 


i 


ijffi;i"«J5t|iniw  Hf,lJ|i'., 


=^  III—    iWi>M» «■ 


1 


274 


THE  STORY  OF  ASTORIA 


very  clear,  it  may  have  been  .-.n  advantageous  one.  When  Hunt  reached 
Astoria  tlie  following  month,  the  resolution  of  the  partners  was  evidently 
represented  to  him  as  a  unanimous  one,  and  even  then  he  does  not  appear, 
as  Mr.  Bancroft  says,  to  have  indorsed  the  steps  already  taken  by  his  p-.rt- 
ners,  nor  did  he  approve  their  "  manifesto."  He  r.ade  a  decided  protest, 
but  acquiesced  in  the  inevitable,  as  the  action  of  the  partners  was  clearly 
within  their  authority.  As  he  departed  immediately  for  the  purpose  of 
chartering  a  vessel  to  remove  all  such  goods  as  could  not  be  taken  across 
the  mountains,  it  seems  probable  that  the  agreement  with  McTavish  covered 
only  the  surrender  of  the  posts.  It  could  not  have  included  the  furs,  as 
Frauchi;re  says  word  was  sent  to  the  partners  in  the  interior  to  forward  all 
their  furs  to  Astoria  in  the  spring,  that  they  might  be  shipped  on  the  ves- 
sel Hunt  was  expected  to  bring.  Before  leaving,  however,  it  was  suggc  '  d 
by  McDougal  that  some  accidc.it  might  prevent  Hunt's  return  in  time  to 
carry  out  the  agreement,  and  although  the  latter  considered  this  very  im- 
probable, he  acceded  to  JMcDougal's  request  that  the  carrying  out  of  this 
agreement  be  put  into  his  hands  if  Hunt  should  not  return  in  time.  It  is 
very  evident  that  this  authority  delegated  to  McDougal  covered  only  the 
execution  of  those  arrangements  to  which  a  majority  of  the  partners  had 
already  given  their  assent.  So  far,  McDougal's  course  would  seem  to  have 
been  reasonably  fair,  even  if  open  to  criticism  as  weak  and  showing  his  lean- 
ing toward  his  old  associates  of  the  Northwest  Company.  But  we  come 
now  to  the  closing  transaction,  which  is  of  an  entirely  different  character. 

Six  weeks  had  barely  passed  since  Hunt's  departure,  when  McTavish 
reappeared  at  Astoria,  this  time  closely  followed  by  a  large  party,  more 
than  equal  in  number  to  the  Astorians.  They  expected  to  meet  an  armed 
supply  ship  and  a  British  man-of-war  at  the  mouth  of  the  Columbia  ;  but 
neither  had  arrived,  and  it  was  very  uncertain  when  they  would  arrive. 
The  English  party  was  without  provisions  and  had  lost  their  ammunition, 
so  that  they  were  entirely  in  McDougal's  power.  But  they  seem  to  have 
known  their  man,  and  we  know  the  result — the  surrender  of  all  the  posses- 
sions of  the  Pacific  Fur  Company  at  a  nominal  value  and  the  ado])tion  of 
McDougal  as  a  partner  in  the  Northwest  Company.  Mr.  Bancroft  argues 
very  elaborately  that  this  appears  a  fair  transaction  on  both  sides,  and  any- 
how,  the  best  that  could  be  done  under  the  circumstances.  He  lays  espe- 
cial stress  on  the  protracted  negotiations,  claiming  that  the  English  held 
back  in  the  hope  of  the  arrival  of  their  ship,  and  that  McDougal  brought 
them  to  the  sticking  point  only  by  threatening  to  move  up  the  Willa- 
mette and  cut  ofY  their  supplies.  To  sustain  this  view  he  gives  a  series  of 
dates  which  I  am   unable  to  verify  in  the  authorities  quoted.     He  states 


IWfWIWPPW 


T 


'■■T-.i'j' 


X 


THE  STORY   OF  ASTORIA 


275 


hint  reached 
/as  evidently 
s  not  appear, 
1  by  his  p  '.rt- 
;ided  protest, 
s  was  clearly 
c  purpose  of 
taken  across 
ivish  covered 
J  the  furs,  as 

0  forward  all 
d  on  the  vcs- 
■as  sugge.'  -d 
n  in  time  to 
this  very  im- 
g  out  of  this 

1  time.  It  is 
:rcd  only  the 
Partners  had 
seem  to  have 
t'ing  his  lean- 
Jut  we  come 
t  character. 

n  AIcTavish 
party,  more 
;et  an  armed 
lumbia  ;  but 
ould  arrive, 
immunition, 
:em  to  have 
1  the  posses- 
adoption  of 
icroft  argues 
Ics,  and  any- 
[e  lays  cspc- 
English  held 
igal  brought 
)  the  Wiila- 
s  a  series  of 
He  states 


that  according  to  Ross  and  Irving  the  British  took  possession  of  Astoria 
November  12th,  and  according  to  I-'raucherc  November  23d.  The  facts  arc 
that  the  only  date  given  by  Irving  is  that  of  the  signing  of  the  contract, 
October  l6th.  lie  evidently  considers  tiiisthe  only  important  date,  as  set- 
tling the  matter  beyond  any  possibility  of  withdr.iwal  on  eitlicr  side.  Frau- 
clierc's  date  is  October  23d,  and  not  Novcmbnr  23d,  as  stated  by  Mr.  Ban- 
croft. Ross  I  have  not  at  hand,  but  this  author';  •  is  repeatedly  discredited 
by  Mr.  Bancroft  himself,  and  he  is  certainly  incorrect  when  he  says  (as 
quoted  by  Mr.  B.) :  "Astoria  was  deliver-  1  up  to  the  Northwest  Company 
on  the  12th  of  November,  after  nearl)  month  of  suspense  between  the 
'Ir  I  ving  and  the  signing  of  the  bills,"  as  the  agreement  itself  specifies  Octo- 
ber 16th  as  the  day  on  which  it  was  signed  nd  seal'd.  If  this  is  not  will- 
ful perversion  of  the  facts,  it  is  certainly  at  Ic  ist  inexcusable  carelessness," 

Instead  of  the  negotiations  dragging,  they  seem  to  me  to  liave  been 
conducted  with  great  haste,  considering  the  magnitude  of  the  transaction. 
On  October  nth  the  main  Northwest  flotilla  arrived.  On  October 
l6lh  the  contract  was  drawn  up  and  signed,  specifying  that  the  de- 
livery should  be  made  as  soon  as  the  necessary  inventories  could  bo 
taken  ;  and  one  week  later,  October  23d,  the  actual  delivery  took  place. 
If  McGillivray  and  McTavish  had  refused  to  receive  the  property  after  the 
signirug  of  the  agreement,  when  McDougal  was  ready  to  turn  it  over,  and  it 
had  after  such  tender  been  taken  by  a  British  ship,  there  is  not  a  court  in 
Christendom  which  would  not  have  compelled  the  Northwest  Company  to 
pay  Mr.  Astor  according  to  the  agreement,  and  it  is  absurd  to  argue  that 
any  drawing  back  on  the  part  of  the  British  was  then  attempted. 

Mr.  Bancroft  says  the  other  partners  were  on  the  spot  and  acquiesced 
in  all  that  was  done.  This  is  not  so.  McKcnzie  was  the  only  partner  at 
Astoria  at  the  time,  and  McDougal  seems  to  have  ignored  him  and  acted 
alone  under  the  authority  which  he  claimed  had  been  delegated  to  him  by 
Hunt.  But  Hunt  had  not,  and  could  not  have  done  so,  as  this  was  a  new 
matter  which  could  only  have  been  legall)'  determined  by  a  majority  of  the 
resident  partners.  This  was  evidently  felt  by  McDougal,  as  the  agreement 
between  him  and  the  North'.  ?st  Company,  which  is  not  even  signed  by 
McKenzic,  begins  as  follows  :  "  The  Association  heretofore  carrj'ing  on  the 
fur  trade  to  the  Columbia  River  and  its  dependencies,  under  the  firm  and 
denomination  of  the  Pacific  Fur  Company,  being  dissolved  on  the  1st  of 
July  last,  by  Duncan  McDougal,  Donald  McKcnzie,  David  Stuart,  and 
John  Clarke,  with  the  intention  to  abandon  the  trade  in  that  quarter,  it  is 
hereby  agreed,"  etc.  I  think  it  very  plain,  from  what  has  already  been 
stated,  that  this  position  is  not  tenable,  as  the  proposed  abandonment  of 


'■>»  m'^>i»u0M^m<^»mi»   -n^ 


276 


THE  STORY  OF  ASTORIA 


:.!:  / 


M 


the  enterprise  in  the  summer  of  18 14  was  at  most  provisional,  and  Frau- 
chfere,  who  is  by  far  the  best  contemporary  authority,  says  distinctly,  refer- 
ring to  that  transaction,  that  the  Company  "  would  probably  have  been 
dissolved  by  the  remaining  partners,  but  for  the  arrival  of  the  energetic 
Mr.  Hunt."  I 

Mr.  Bancroft  twists  himself  into  a  new  position  and  declares  that 
McDougal  took  the  wisest  course  possible,  and  that  it  would  have  been 
impossible  for  the  Americans  to  maintain  themselves  on  the  Columbia  if] 
they  could  not  get  supplies  by  water  from  New  York.  It  would  be  easy  to 
show  that  there  would  have  been  no  greater  diffic^ilty  in  their  doing  so 
than  for  the  Northwest  Company  to  carry  on  their  business  on  the  Frascr 
and  upper  Peace  rivers;  but  even  if  it  was  still  thought  best  to  abandon 
the  enterprise,  nothing  could  have  been  easier  than  a  temporary  retreat 
from  Astoria,  as  shown  plainly  by  Fraucherc,  himself  a  Canadian  and  un- 
disguisedly  in  sympathy  with  the  English  in  the  war,  but  faithful  to  the 
interests  of  his  employer.  The  party  of  Northwesters  could  not  possibly 
have  maintained  themselves  on  the  lower  Columbia  till  the  arrival  of  the 
British  sloop  November  30th,  as  they  were  without  food,  ammunition  or 
goods,  and  the  Indians  were  but  anxious  for  a  word  from  the  Americans 
to  fall  upon  them.  With  this  party  out  of  the  way  it  would  have  taken 
the  Astorians  but  a  few  days  to  retreat  beyond  the  reach  of  any  English 
force  from  the  sea,  and  it  is  even  a  question  whether  Astoria  itself  might 
not  have  been  successfully  defended,  as  no  man-of-war  could  approach  it 
within  six  miles  and  the  Indians  were  all  anxious  to  fight  the  English.  But 
in  any  event  the  movable  property  might  all  have  been  saved  and  removed 
in  the  vessel  with  which  Hunt  arrived  in  the  spring  for  that  very  purpose. 

I  can  agree  with  Mr.  Bancroft  in  but  one  point — that  Mr.  Astor  was 
unfortunate  in  the  selection  of  McDougal  for  a  chief  agent,  both  because 
of  his  relations  with  the  Northwest  Company  and  of  his  qualities  as  a  man. 
But  this  does  not  relieve  McDougal  from  deserved  odium,  and  the  verdict 
of  history  must  be  that  of  his  countryman  Frauchfcre,  who  was  an  eye-wit- 
ness to  and  a  participator  in  nearly  all  of  these  transactions,  when  he  winds 
up  his  account  of  the  sale  of  Astoria  with  these  words  :  "  Those  at  the  head 
of  affairs  had  their  own  fortunes  to  seek,  and  thought  it  more  to  their  in- 
terest, doubtless,  to  act  as  they  did  ;  but  that  will  not  clear  them  in  the 
eyes  of  the  world,  and  the  charge  of  treason  to  Mr.  Astor's  interests  will 
always  be  attached  to  their  characters." 


BozEMAN,  Montana. 


'^!>?'7'^y^'^^!^^^^ 


m 


declares   that 
Id  have  been 
Cohimbia  if 
Id  be  easy  to 
heir  doing  so 
on  the  Frascr 
St  to  abandon 
porary  retreat 
idian  and  un- 
aitliful  to  the 
i  not  possibly 
^.nival  of  the 
^munition  or 
he  Americans 
d   have  taken 
f  any  English 
a  itself  might 
i  approach  it 
English.   But 
and  removed 
'■cry  purpose. 
Ir.  Astor  was  | 
both  because 
ies  as  a  man. 
d  the  verdict 
s  an  cye-wit- 
hcn  he  winds 
:  at  the  head 
to  their  in- 
thcm  in  the 
ntcrests  will 


8TATEMEKT 

The  Mutual  Life  Insara&ce  Gooipany  of  New  York, 

Jlw  «>•  iff*r  mmMttf  JD*!Mm^i»r  SUt,  1984, 

.......;...,..,..,. (nM,av(i,tt«.Kt 


./Lnnuity   iVooovint. 


"""       'l'.-^.    „'         !'    ,;-..    .- 

Ha 

_  Abb. 

-■^-:  ■-■-■-■■-' 

;  No. 

Ann. 
Fnjnmenta. 

AniniiaM  In  taK»,  Jmn 
ttt  um....  .   ;„..... 
Prentlum  Aanoltfea.. . . 
AnAiiltlesili^aed. ....... . 

n 

AunuttlM  In  f onse,  Jan, 

i8t,i»»..;..... 

Prainhim  Annuities. . . . 
AnnuitlM  Terminated.  . 

5 

tn.on  6s 

.'r-V.  >--.^'        ''  -    ■ 

«e 

tssfiavt 

M 

$»  966  91 

'^xEMunmoe   i^ooount. 


: ;— ■■•r-"/--r5------ 

mo. 

Amount. 

■■ 

NO. 
1M8M 

Amount. 

PoUdM  in  tone,  Jan. 

•St.  IW4. ....... ..:..,.. 

BMa  Awimed....  .,... 

mjm. 

ts4e.M8  oas 

PoUolea  In  force,  Jan. 

lrt,tt8S 

Btakiltemlmkted....... 

s5,8M.na 

iS,Ui 

$a7,imfm 

ISS^lM 

f8t7,as«^(«t 

■X»r/-.    ,;\ 

Rnve&ue 

A.ooouf^t>                                                   ^' 

To  Batanee  from  lart  aodiMint. . 

..  SM,978,10e  88 

''   ^  MatttzednidownuQts,...     8,400,454  89 

..   i3;(iw,aa8  4s 

..      a,94B.(WW 

,  J  Total  olalma-                \ 

•'     "  IHvldenda S,l4i,lM  l» 

"     ••  Surrendered  PoUdea  ana 

AOdlttons  . S,087,eM  17 

".        •.^^•''' ' 

( Total  paid  ^^-liold. ) 
<*     **  CommlMlons,   (payment 

of  current  and  eztbi* 
gulBhmentofftitnre)...        907,84S  19 

-V  ■■  ^r- 

*     "   Framlum  chaoed  off  <m   : 

-      -V-.j      J^ ,    , 

BecuiltieflPOTaiiaMd. . .     l.lU.m  88 

"     "  1^3a^toNew.iU»B0*it   *7,00«t918  08 

..! t..iJL:...',r,.5^'; 

1114,007  487  17 

$114,087,487  n 

nr^ 


Balanoo    Sheet. 


Cr. 


To 


BMeryi 
Ctolnu 


plu« 
antee 


atfonrperoant......  $9S,S4S,64S  OO 

ir4^eath  not  ret  daa> .        868^  00 
u  paid  In  advance....         87,477  88 

I  ana  Uontincent  Ooarw 

Fond 4.74«,77116 


tH»37(l,17B  SI 


Br  Bonds  Secured  tar  Morttwea 

onBealJBstate.^ f48978,l»7g9 

**  rntted  Stages  and  other  Bonds   84,saa.889  0o 
•'  I.oan»on€Saat«rals 

"  BealBamte... 

"  Cash  In  Banks  and  Trust  Ooni> 

panleB  at  Interest.. , 

"  Intorestaooraed.... 

M  Premtamsdefened,  quarterly 

and  Btwil-awnnal 

**  Premlttmslntmn8lt,iwlnelpaUy 

for  December.... 
**  SnspcoM  Aooount. 
"  A<eiit8' Balances.. 


9.«44.in8M 

i,au,4i6  M 
x,\a»^vs  88 

188.714  U 

87,8]4  14 

7.M6  80 

'tl08|n«,178  51 


rOTl  -If  tM  New  Tork  Standard  of  four  and  a  half  per  cent.  Bitetest  be  used,  the  Surplus 
Is  over  $18000900. 

VMmthe  Snrntna,  as  rapears  In  the  Balance  Sheet  adlTldrid  vlU  be  apportioned  to  eadi  par^ 
tiQipaantPoUDrwIuoiiahaubelnfOroeatltea&uiTersaryi     :>e8. 

...» .  ...i •loi^nv.m.u 


Naw  Toaic  Amnacjr  91, 1868. 


■•AMB  •■>    TSOMTKKa. 


Fiiaoaiioic  S.  ViHsroM, 
Samusl  E.  Stroulu, 
Lucibi  RoaiHtON, 
SAHinii.  O.  Ba^cooc. 

OBOII6K  S.  C9II. 

loNM  C  DavBLIN. 
SevMouil  L.  Hvsiin^ 
RlcitARD  A.  McCuaoY, 
JambsC.  floumN, 


HSBMANN  C.  VON  PoST, 

OSgiiaa  C.  Richakimun 
Alsxamomb  K.  Ricb, 

WltLIAM  r.  BaKOCK, 

F.  RatcHMjko  Starr, 
FRasnicK  H.  Coshtt, 
Lfewit  Ma:v, 
OuvBR  Harrimam, 
Hbmbv  W.  Smith, 


John  H.  SHBawooB, 
UBOBta  H.  Andrews, 
Kob.bbt  OlvpIiant, 

gBORGB  P.  BABttft,    ' 
bhj.  B.  Shb«mah, 
Jos.  Thompson, 

DUDLKY  OlCOTT, 

An4on  Sf  agbr, 

FaBOBRIC  CRQMV'BLt, 


iOUBN  T.  OAVIt*» 
:oBacT  Sbwbll, 
S.  Van  Rbmssblabr  Cbucbb 
CnARi.Ba  R.  Hbnimiwoh, 
Gborob  Bliss, 
Ronn  W.  Pbckham, 
Wm.  p.  Dixon, 
J.  HoBart  HbrbiOc 


*-< 


,,-(9- 


V-; 


,^   -  .:c,'^c^.y    ■     ..'';.':U.r 


^4^». 


%' 


CyPiAND,  SQUARE  AND  UPRIGHT  PIANOFORTES  ARE 

Preferred  by  Leading  Artists. 

The  demand*  now  made  by  an  educated  mnilekl  public  ar^  to  emctiaa  that 
vet^  i^  Pianoforte  Mamtfactarera  can  D?oduce  instruments  that  will  stand  the  test 
which  merit  requires.  BOHMBR  ft  CO.,  as  Manubcturers,  rank  aoK^st  this 
(^KMOi  (iw,  who  are  acknowledged  to  be  makers  of  standard  inMni|n«nts>i.  Jul  thwe 
days,  when  many  manobcturers  urge  the  low  price  of  their  wares  rather  lirt||uieir 
superior  qualfty  as  an  indocement  to  purchase,  it  may  not  be  aniiss  to  sugj^Ethat, 
~  in  a  Piano,  quality  and  price  are  too  inseparably  jotaed  to  expect  the  oqe  wjtliour 
-the  other. 

Every  Piano  ought  to  be  judged  as  to  quality  of  its  tone,  its  touch  and  its  work- 
manship ;  if  any  of  these  is  wanlmg  in  excellence,  however  good  the  Athers  teay  be,, 
the  instmment  will  be  imperfect.    It  b  the  combination  of  thrise  qualities  in  the 
highest  decree,  that  consiitvtes  the  perfect  Pianc,  apd  it  it  this  combinatim  that 
haseiventne  "SOHMBR"  its  honorable  position  with  the  trade  and  thepnbbc 
Musica]  authorities  and  critics  prefer  the  "  SOHMBR  "  '  .'.aos,  and  diey  ve 
purchased  by  those  possessing  refined  musical  taste  and  ap  ><«uiattiig  the  dchesr 
quality  of  tone  and  the  highest  periiiction  generally  in  a  Piano. 
.Xlie  Sohmer  Pianos  are  used  in  the  following  Institutions :  N.  Y.  CollkcB  of  Music  ;  Vqct's  Consbkvatort  op  Music  ;  Villa 
Mabia  Convent,  Montreal  ■  Viixa  db  ^albs  CoNyBNT.  Long  Island ;  N.  Y.  Nokmai.  CoNJiBRVATORv  rp  Music ;  PmLADBLnitA 
CoHSBBVATORV  OP  Mustc,  and  most  all  the  leadmg  first-class  theatres  in  NEW  YORK  and  BROOKLYN 

RccciTed  Pint  Prise  at  CentenniiU  Exhibition,  Philaddphia,  1876. 

Rbceived  First  Price  at  E:diibition,  Montreal,  Canada,  x88x  and  i88«. 

g»r% TT TUT TT  P     O       f^f\  Manupacturbrs  OP  GRAND,  SQUARE  AND  UPRIGHT PUNOS. 

Ov/XllTlIZ'Xx  Ot   V/VF.,   Wareroqnw:  149,151,153, 155  E.x4tb  St.,  NEW  YORK 


OpenTRMdiiy,  D«f)(nber  1««  1881* 

lathapresenea  of  the  Pren^enta  of  thwAinef 
icaa  Repntiqci,  Tit:  Arthur,  of  dui  United 
State*;  Diaaot  Mexico ;  BarilM,  efGHMnnafais 
Bonraa,  of  H^duraa. 

The  Colossal  Exhibit 
of  all  Time! 

tlon  BnUdtngs  t 

Oao-Ihe  Uift*t  ImUdlnr  ever  erected,  another 
— Um  liW|^t  ConsarvalorT  la  the  World. 

90A6rM0f  Spacd  Under  Cover  I 

■«w  *tMM*«rtati*«i  Umtm  ApAmiMI 
J^lHio.  Aaapl*  Ac«*aiHMMl^**a  M 

Deatiartha  period  of  the  RstjOritlOn,  ffoo 
Pecember  16,  i884i  to  J  una  i,  iSSi  the  tempera 
tore  at  New  Orleaa*  avcraxe*  6$^  Pahr,    The 
iawa  a^  tfarabbery  rem  Jn   Rreen,  iowers 


J  |ndfirtpca,andall  ktnda  of  veiretablea  ' 
gftwiw  and  matttio.  ^ 

Vull  toforaiBUon  promptly  furnished.  Ad 

'll.  A.  BVMta,^  lHrc«tM-««M«Nr_t, 
Saw  OHoiiwi^  K«. 


LITERATI. 


MEN  of  letters  may  now  dispense 
with  amanuenses.  A  flow  of 
thought  may  be  transcribed  by  the  use 
of  the  Type  Writer  as  swiftly  as  it  can 
be  uttered  with  a  far  greater  degree  of 
legibility  thrown  in  than  by  the  old 
process  of  dictation  and  transcription 
with  the  pen.  ^^^— .  Furthermore 
many  of  our  iSHBf  ^^^  writers 
unite  in  testi  ^B^Sb.  fying  that  the 
use  of  the  '^^^^^  Type  Writer 
facilitates,  nay  even  stimulates  compp- 
sition.  The  Remington  Standard 
Type  Writer  is  the  nearest  approach 
to  perfection  that  has  yet  been  Reached. 
It  meets  the  demand. 

Wyck  T,  Seamai)s  &  Beijedict, 

28x  and  283  EROADWAY. 


PtnselJ.J.UttlsACKf^Ma.aeMMAatareiaet^NVii'Yoik. 


"ff^BnH^  ._V'  '- 


'I'rK'T' 


